Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Solid Carbon: Development, Challenges, and Perspectives

The persistent utilization of fossil fuels has resulted in a continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. As a potential solution to environmental concerns, the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to solid carbon is recognized for its straightforward operation, precise reaction control, and environment friendliness. Moreover, with this process combined with renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, electrochemical reduction can further contribute to reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development. However, the strong double covalent bond between carbon and oxygen atoms and the degradation of the electrodes hinder the commercialization of this technology. Several strategies have been reported, including reduction of carbon dioxide in solid oxide electrolysis cells, in molten salt and liquid metal, and using a hybrid electro-thermochemical looping strategy. This mini-review presents a systematic and critical analysis of the experimental conditions, mechanisms, and product morphologies reported in the literature, thereby offering reference for future research endeavors in this rapidly emerging field.