Fabrication of environmentally safe antifouling coatings using nano-MnO2/cellulose nanofiber composite with BED/GMA irradiated by electron beam

Abstract Marine biofouling, undesirable growth of organisms on submerged surfaces, poses significant challenges in various industries and marine applications. The development of environmentally safe antifouling coatings employing nano-MnO 2 /cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composite with bisphenol A epoxy diacrylate/glycidyl methacrylate (BED/GMA) irradiated by electron beam (T 1 ) has been achieved in the current work. The physico-chemical characteristics of the fabricated coatings have been studied using Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, water contact angle, and X-ray diffraction. The efficacy of T 1 formulation and pure BED/GMA polymer (T 2 ) in inhibiting biofouling formation was investigated in seawater of Alexandria Eastern Harbour by examining biofilm development morphologically and biochemically. In addition, regular analyses of seawater physicochemical parameters were conducted monthly throughout study. Results provide valuable information on coating performance as well as the complex interactions between coatings, biofilms, and environmental factors. The T 1 formulation exhibited strong anti-fouling and anticorrosion properties over 2 months. However, after four months of immersion, all coated steel surfaces, including T 1 , T 2 , and T 0 , were heavily covered with macro-fouling, including tubeworms, barnacles, and algae. Biochemical analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) showed statistically significant variations in carbohydrates content between the coated surfaces. The T 1 formulation showed decreased protein and carbohydrate content in EPS fractions after 14 days of immersion indicating less biofouling. Moreover, elemental analysis showed that carbon, oxygen, and iron were the predominant elements in the biofilm. Other elements such as sodium, silicon, chloride, and calcium were in lower concentrations. T 2 and T 0 surfaces revealed higher calcium levels and the appearance of sulphur peaks if compared with T 1 surface. Diatoms and bacteria were detected on T 1 , T 2 , and T 0 surfaces. The observed warming of seawater and nutrient-rich conditions were found to promote the growth of fouling organisms, emphasizing the importance of considering environmental factors in biofouling management strategies.