Linking Relationship of Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand Into Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs )

ABSTRACT Ecosystem services (ES) play a crucial role in sustainable development. We systematically assessed the spatial and temporal dynamics of ecosystem service supply (ES‐s) and demand (ES‐d) in China from 1990 to 2020 by using a supply–demand matrix integrated with land use/cover data. The findings indicate that in 2020, grasslands accounted for 28.02% of the land area. Meanwhile, forest land expanded to 23.99% of the total area, primarily composed of close ‐ canopy forests. ES‐s remains relatively stable and high in the eastern coastal regions, whereas the western and northeastern regions face persistent supply shortages. Rapid economic growth and urbanization have driven a substantial increase in ES‐d in the eastern and southern regions, exacerbating supply–demand imbalances. Furthermore, the study highlights the critical role of different land use types—such as forests, cultivated land, and construction land—in supporting multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Based on these findings, we propose targeted policy recommendations to mitigate regional disparities, including the implementation of ecological compensation mechanisms, the development of green infrastructure, and enhanced cross‐regional cooperation. These measures aim to restore the ES‐s and ES‐d balance and advance SDGs progress.