Perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices

Background Cardiac implantable electronic devices(CIEDs) include pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators(ICDs) and cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT). At present, the number of installed ICDs in China annually is more than 2 000 and the CRT device is about 2 200. There are 38 per million people receiving heart pacemakers. Objective The anesthesiologist should know the perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Content In this article, we reviewed the perioperative management of patients with CIEDs. We hope to help the anesthesiologists. Trend Such patients with CIEDs may also need to accept the surgical operation or gastrointestinal endoscopy or other minimally invasive surgery. The management of patients with electronic devices in perioperative period is very complicated. Continuing education has not kept pace with. So far, there are few guidelines on the management of CIEDs. Key words: Cardiac implantable electronic devices; Pacemaker; Implantable cardioverter defibrillator; Cardiac resynchronization therapy; Perioperative management