Microclimate-linked trait dynamics in greenhouse chrysanthemum revealed by a plant-wearable sensor network

Fine-scale microclimate variability within greenhouses can strongly influence plant growth, morphology, and physiology, yet conventional monitoring approaches often fail to capture plant-centered environmental dynamics. Here, we developed a plant-wearable sensor network (PWSN) integrating compact, flexible, and lightweight sensors for real-time monitoring of microclimate factors and physiological traits in greenhouse-grown chrysanthemums ( Chrysanthemum × morifolium ). The network continuously measured light intensity, air temperature, humidity, leaf temperature, leaf water content, leaf elongation, and ethylene concentration across multiple greenhouse positions. Results revealed pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity in both environmental conditions and plant trait responses. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis identified light intensity and air temperature as major explanatory variables associated with leaf temperature, water content, and elongation, with the strength of these associations varying across different greenhouse regions. The study demonstrates that plant-centered, high-resolution monitoring provides quantitative insights into microclimate–trait interactions, supporting precision management and localized climate regulation strategies in protected horticulture.