Development and evaluation of a peptide-based radiotracer for targeting TIM-3 in preclinical models

Introduction T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) plays a critical role in the T cell exhaustion and there have been already many related inhibitory antibodies in clinical trial. However, in vivo non-invasive visualization of TIM-3 is lagging in comparison to the development of therapeutic antibodies. This study aims to develop a positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging tracer targeting TIM-3 and explore its ability to visualize tumor lesions. Methods A cysteine-modified, NOTA-conjugated peptide, NOTA-P24, was synthesized and radiolabeled with fluorine-18. Its stability and specificity were evaluated in vivo using uptake, competition, and efflux studies. Furthermore, PET/CT imaging and biodistribution studies were performed on tumor bearing animals. Results [ 18 F]AlF-NOTA-P24 showed high specificity and affinity to TIM-3-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo . Biodistribution studies on tumor-bearing mice demonstrated high tumoral uptake of the tracer and fast body clearance, resulting in high-contrast images and negligible exposure of healthy tissue to radiation. Conclusions The work developed a peptide-based probe [ 18 F]AlF-NOTA-P24 targeting TIM-3, with favorable specificity and affinity. This approach has the potential for noninvasive evaluation of TIM-3.