Partial replacement of soybean meal with vitamin B12 fermentation waste modulates rumen microbiota, immune response, and growth performance in finishing lambs

< 0.05). Together, dietary VFW can reduce FCR and ruminal fermentation in a dose-dependent manner, while improving immune response and altering the ruminal bacterial composition in lambs. The findings indicate the potential of VFW as an alternative to SBM for sheep production.