Recent advances in biomimetic nanodelivery systems for the treatment of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disorder characterized by imbalanced bone remodeling, microarchitectural deterioration, and increased fracture risk. Despite the availability of various antiresorptive and anabolic therapies, their limited tissue specificity, suboptimal efficacy, and long-term safety concerns hinder their clinical outcomes. In recent years, biomimetic nanodelivery systems have emerged as a promising therapeutic platform for osteoporosis, offering enhanced bone targeting, improved biocompatibility, and potential for multi-mechanistic intervention. This review systematically summarizes three major classes of biomimetic nanomedicine strategies: cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, extracellular vesicle-based delivery systems, and nanozyme-enabled therapeutic platforms. We discuss their construction principles, biological functions, mechanisms of action in modulating osteoblast osteoclast dynamics and bone microenvironment, and current advances in preclinical research. Furthermore, we analyze the translational challenges of these systems, including material heterogeneity, large-scale manufacturing, pharmacokinetic uncertainty, and regulatory bottlenecks. Despite these limitations, biomimetic nanodelivery offers a paradigm shift in osteoporosis treatment, with the potential to integrate bone targeting, immune modulation, oxidative stress regulation, and bone regeneration within a single therapeutic platform. Future research focusing on intelligent design, engineering standardization, and clinical evaluation will be critical to accelerate their path toward clinical application.