Comprehensive review on developments in starch-based films along with active ingredients for sustainable food packaging

Starch-based films have gained significant attention in the food packaging industry due to their potential to address environmental concerns and provide sustainable packaging solutions. This comprehensive review consolidates recent advancements in starch-based films utilized for sustainable food packaging, emphasizing the integration of active ingredients. Active ingredients play a crucial role in enhancing the functionality and performance of starch-based films. The review begins by depicting the structural composition of starch and its processing techniques, highlighting the factors influencing film properties such as mechanical strength, barrier performance, and biodegradability. It elucidates the methods employed to enhance the functional attributes of starch-based films, including blending with various biopolymers, starch-based nanocomposites, and to achieve superior film characteristics. Furthermore, the review explores the incorporation of active ingredients into starch-based matrices, encompassing antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, and oxygen scavengers. It scrutinizes the methodologies used for incorporating these components into films, assessing their efficacy in extending shelf life, preserving food quality, and ensuring safety. Finally, the review critically evaluates the challenges and limitations encountered in the development of starch-based films, addressing issues related to moisture sensitivity, mechanical properties, and scalability. Lastly, the review outlines future research directions, emphasizing the need for multifaceted approaches involving innovative processing techniques, nanotechnology applications, and sustainable sourcing of raw materials to further enhance the efficacy and applicability of starch-based films in sustainable food packaging.