Emerging electrochemical biosensing strategies using enzyme-incorporated metal-organic frameworks

One of the most challenging in the field of nanotechnology and a crucial research area is the early detection of illness using biomarkers. Specific enzymes for biomarker identification require highly stable nanocarriers. One such material highlights the application of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), owing to their fascinating merits, namely excessive chemical and thermal stability, biocompatibility, and minimal toxicity. MOFs are excellent options for building electrochemical (EC) biosensors because they provide ideal settings for attaching bio-recognition molecules. Hence, this review summarizes existing metallic MOFs, bimetallic MOFs and their synthetic methodologies, combinations of carbon materials with MOFs, differences between carbonized and uncarbonized MOF materials, crosslinker-modified MOFs, interactions of MOFs with enzymes, and their electrochemical detection. Finally, several strategies used to circumvent the drawbacks of current electrochemical technologies using MOF-based detection are critically examined while underlining the present difficulties and future prospects.