Comprehensive review and future perspectives: 3D printing technology for all types of solid oxide cells

Abstract As the urgency to address global warming increases, the demand for clean energy generation systems that can mitigate greenhouse gases is intensifying. Solid oxide cells (SOCs) have emerged as a key technology for clean energy conversion, offering the benefits of power generation without submission of any pollutants including greenhouse gases. As the consumption of energy rises, the electrochemical performance of SOCs must be enhanced to meet the future energy demand. With the advent of 3D printing technology, the fabrication of SOCs has undergone a transformative shift, enabling precise structural control beyond the capabilities of traditional ceramic processes. This technology facilitates the creation of complex geometries, optimising functionality through structural innovation and maximising the electrochemical performance by enhancing reaction sites. Our review covers the brief outlook and the profound impact of 3D printing technology on SOC fabrication, highlighting its role in surpassing the structural constraints of conventional SOCs and paving the way for advanced applications like metal supported SOCs and integrated stack modules. Through the review, it is evident that continued, in-depth research into 3D printing for SOCs is crucial for maximising their role as a sustainable energy resource in the future.