From nature to nanotechnology: the synergistic integration of biomimetic nanomaterials and conductive hydrogels for next-generation applications

In recent years, double-network conductive hydrogels and biomimetic nanomaterials have demonstrated broad application prospects in fields such as flexible electronics, biomedical engineering, and soft robotics, owing to their unique mechanical properties, conductivity, and biocompatibility. This paper systematically reviews the preparation strategies for double-network conductive hydrogels, including the optimization and innovation of methods such as physical-chemical crosslinking, pure physical crosslinking, ionic conductors and conductive polymer composites. Furthermore, it delves into the crucial role of biomimetic nanomaterials (0D, 1D, and 2D nanomaterials) in the functional design of hydrogels. By mimicking natural structures and mechanisms (such as neuronal signal transmission, skin perception, and muscle actuation), researchers have successfully developed high-performance artificial muscles, electronic skins, and tissue engineering scaffolds. This review also summarizes current research challenges, such as environmental stability, biotoxicity, and multi-signal synergistic responses, and envisions future development potential in areas such as intelligent sensing, wearable devices, and regenerative medicine.