Stability Challenges and Solutions in Aprotic Lithium–Air Batteries: Review of Electrolyte and Electrode Instabilities

Aprotic lithium–air batteries (LABs) offer exceptional theoretical energy density (>3500 W h kg–1) for next-generation storage. However, their practical deployment is critically hindered by multifaceted stability challenges limiting long-term cycling. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the critical instability mechanisms plaguing aprotic LABs. This review critically examine the intricate degradation pathways of organic electrolytes, including carbonates, ethers, sulfoxides, and amides─under the unique oxygen-rich and highly reactive conditions within the battery. Furthermore, this review dissects the origins of electrode degradation: the chemical and electrochemical corrosion mechanisms at the lithium metal anode, and the complex interplay of parasitic reactions, passivation, and reactive oxygen species (notably singlet oxygen, 1O2) leading to carbon cathode instability. Moreover, we critically evaluate promising synergistic mitigation strategies, including advanced electrolyte formulations (ionic liquids, optimized solvents/additives), robust Li anode protection (artificial SEI, alloying, coatings), and innovative cathode materials/catalysts. Our analysis underscores that overcoming these intertwined stability issues is paramount for viable LABs. The insights presented aim to guide future research through rational design principles, accelerating the development of stable, high-performance aprotic LABs for practical applications.