Achieving Defect Passivation and Oriented Crystallization Regulation at the SnO 2 /Perovskite Interface via Molecular Bridging

ions in the perovskite, reducing interfacial defects and optimizing energy level alignment. In situ crystallization studies reveal that ATPN-mediated modulation extends the recrystallization process of the perovskite, promoting the formation of larger grains during fabrication. Additionally, this strategy induces a highly preferred out-of-plane (100) crystal orientation by eliminating energy barriers, thus enhancing carrier extraction and transport. A champion ATPN-treated PSC achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.06%, compared to 22.15% for the control device. After 1920 h of aging in a nitrogen atmosphere, the ATPN-modified device retained 90.14% of its initial PCE, while the unmodified device retained only 68.32%.