Antibody numbering schemes: advances, comparisons and tools for antibody engineering

Abstract The evolution of antibody engineering has significantly enhanced the development of antibody-based therapeutics, enabling the creation of novel antibody formats tailored for specific applications. Since the introduction of the Kabat numbering scheme in 1977, various schemes have been developed and modified, forming the foundation for multiple antibody engineering projects. The tools associated with these schemes further facilitate the engineering process. However, discrepancies among current numbering schemes can lead to confusion. This study examines various numbering schemes and related tools, providing new insights into antibody variable domains. Improved understanding of antibody numbering and related tools holds significant potential for more precise and efficient antibody design, thereby advancing antibody-based therapeutics and diagnostics.