Highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin under simulated sunlight using g-C3N4/CeO2/Fe3O4 heterogeneous composite

) due to enhanced charge separation and extended light absorption. In addition, recyclability tests confirmed that the composite maintained high degradation efficiency even after five cycles, highlighting its stability. The treated solution demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, as evidenced by improved lentil seed germination. These findings presents a cost-effective and sustainable approach for the degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants in water resources, offering a promising solution for environmental remediation.