Target-oriented water–gas shift reactions with customized reaction conditions and catalysts

The conventional hydrogen production process from natural gas includes a water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) as a core step to remove carbon monoxide and produce additional hydrogen. The WGSR can be further applied to the upcycling of other types of synthesis gases, such as biomass, municipal solid waste, and coal-derived synthesis gas. We have focused on the reaction conditions and catalysts for the WGSR dealing with diverse types of feed gases for the last 10 years to understand the development progress. Based on the categorization (by the type of feed gas), the tested catalysts, capacity, temperature, feed gas composition, steam-to-carbon ratio, and the performance of the catalyst are carefully compared. This review provides insight into the current research trends and perspectives for target-oriented WGSR in each type of feed gas, which can give clues for customization.