Key Phenotypes of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Pathophysiological heterogeneity is considered the primary reason for the limited effective treatment options for patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Recent studies have focused on HFpEF phenotyping that categorizes patients as pathophysiologically homogeneous groups to develop personalized treatment strategies. This approach relies on comorbidities, cardiac structure and function, central hemodynamics at rest and during exercise, or machine learning techniques. Although some phenotypes have been successfully identified, efforts are still ongoing. This review summarizes the current understanding of phenotyping approaches in patients with HFpEF, highlighting its pathophysiology and potential treatment strategies."