Recent advances on the construction of multidimensional polydopamine-based nanostructures

In recent years, polydopamine (PDA) has attracted extensive attention from researchers in the field of materials, due to its good properties of adhesion, biocompatibility, and so on. At present, numerous studies have reported different nanostructures and morphologies of PDA. However, there are few comprehensive and systematic reviews of multidimensional polydopamine-based nanostructures. This paper mainly focuses on the morphology and structure regulation and related applications of polydopamine-based nanostructures, including zero-dimensional (quantum dots), one-dimensional (nanotubes, nanorods, nanoribbons, nanofibers), two-dimensional (nanosheets, microfilms), three-dimensional (nanospheres, nanoflowers), and other structures (microcapsules, nanobowls, hollow regular dodecahedron). Furthermore, the existing research results of PDA and its future development direction are summarized and prospected. Overall, we hope that this review can inspire researchers and provide useful guidance for the preparation and application of more polydopamine-based nanostructures.