Incorporating circuit theory, complex networks, and carbon offsets into the multi-objective optimization of ecological networks: A case study on karst regions in China

Ecological networks (ENs) are important for maintaining regional ecological security and improving ecosystem service capacity. Therefore, it is important to consider spatial topological relationships and the need for carbon neutrality in the optimization of ENs. The optimization of EN structures and functions should be a systematic multi-objective process. This study combined landscape ecology, the complex network model, and spatial analysis technology, proposing an ecological barrier–topological feature–carbon offset-based (BTC-based) model research framework to deeply analyze and optimize ENs. First, the EN was preliminarily identified using the circuit theory model and the ecological barrier areas were simulated. Then, based on the complex network model, an undirected and unweighted complex network was established and its topological structural characteristics were analyzed. By constructing the estimation model for the carbon offset rate, its spatial distribution characteristics were calculated and interpreted. Finally, the BTC-based model was used to optimize the EN. Based on this model, Guizhou Province (a typical karst region in China) was taken as the research area for this study. The results showed that ecological improvement and degradation coexisted, and measures must be taken to optimize the EN. Based on the 2018 EN, the areas that required optimization were identified. Additionally, a restoration strategy was proposed for edge addition optimization for ecological corridors to promote the ecological protection and quality improvement of ecological sources and corridors. This approach would ensure the accurate implementation of ecological restoration projects and the effective management of ecosystems. The model proposed in this study also provides methodological support for EN optimization in other types of ecological regions.