Identifying potential risk genes for clear cell renal cell carcinoma with deep reinforcement learning

Abstract Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent type of renal cell carcinoma. However, our understanding of ccRCC risk genes remains limited. This gap in knowledge poses significant challenges to the effective diagnosis and treatment of ccRCC. To address this problem, we propose a deep reinforcement learning-based computational approach named RL-GenRisk to identify ccRCC risk genes. Distinct from traditional supervised models, RL-GenRisk frames the identification of ccRCC risk genes as a Markov decision process, combining the graph convolutional network and Deep Q-Network for risk gene identification. Moreover, a well-designed data-driven reward is proposed for mitigating the lim-itation of scant known risk genes. The evaluation demonstrates that RL-GenRisk outperforms existing methods in ccRCC risk gene identification. Additionally, RL-GenRisk identifies ten novel ccRCC risk genes. We successfully validated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), corroborated through independent datasets and biological experimentation. This approach may also be used for other diseases in the future.