Mixed oral biofilms are controlled by the interspecies interactions of Fusobacterium nucleatum

Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) is an integral component of supra- and subgingival biofilms, especially more prevalent in subgingival areas during both periodontal health and disease.In this review, we explore the physical, metabolic, and genetic interactions that influence the role of F. nucleatum in the formation of mixed oral biofilms. The role of F. nucleatum in antibiotic resistance in oral biofilms was discussed and some therapeutic strategies were proposed.PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science were extensively searched for English-language reports.F. nucleatum-derived proteins such as RadD, Fap2, FomA, and CmpA are involved in direct interactions contributing to biofilm formation, while autoinducer-2 and putrescine are involved in metabolic interactions. Both groups are essential for the formation and persistence of oral biofilms. This study highlights the clinical relevance of targeted interactions of F. nucleatum in supra- and subgingival oral biofilms.By focusing on these interactions, researchers and clinicians can develop more effective strategies to prevent biofilm-related disease and reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance. Further research in this area is warranted to explore the potential therapeutic interventions that can be derived from understanding the interactions of F. nucleatum in oral biofilm dynamics.