The Genetically Predicted Causal Associations Between Circulating 3-Hydroxybutyrate Levels and Malignant Neoplasms: A Pan-cancer Mendelian Randomization Study

The ketogenic diet or exogenous supplementation with 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) is progressively gaining recognition as a valuable therapeutic or health intervention strategy. However, the effects of 3HB on cancers have been inconsistent in previous studies. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the causal effects of circulating 3HB levels on 120 cancer phenotypes, and explore the 3HB mediation effect between liver fat accumulation and cancers.