Microbial cell factories for bioeconomy: From discovery to creation

Microbial cell factories (MCFs) are extensively used to produce a wide array of bioproducts, such as bioenergy, biochemical, food, nutrients, and pharmaceuticals, and have been regarded as the "chips" of biomanufacturing that will fuel the emerging bioeconomy era. Biotechnology advances have led to the screening, investigation, and engineering of an increasing number of microorganisms as diverse MCFs, which are the workhorses of biomanufacturing and help develop the bioeconomy. This review briefly summarizes the progress and strategies in the development of robust and efficient MCFs for sustainable and economic biomanufacturing. First, a comprehensive understanding of microbial chassis cells, including accurate genome sequences and corresponding annotations; metabolic and regulatory networks governing substances, energy, physiology, and information; and their similarity and uniqueness compared with those of other microorganisms, is needed. Moreover, the development and application of effective and efficient tools is crucial for engineering both model and nonmodel microbial chassis cells into efficient MCFs, including the identification and characterization of biological parts, as well as the design, synthesis, assembly, editing, and regulation of genes, circuits, and pathways. This review also highlights the necessity of integrating automation and artificial intelligence (AI) with biotechnology to facilitate the development of future customized artificial synthetic MCFs to expedite the industrialization process of biomanufacturing and the bioeconomy.