Plasma IL‐6 and TNF‐α levels correlate significantly with grading changes in localized prostate cancer

Abstract Purpose To study the effect of inflammatory markers in blood such as interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) on the Gleason score (GS) changes in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) after radical prostatectomy (RP), we conducted this study. Patients and methods From November 2012 to September 2021, a total of 237 patients underwent RP at our institution. Blood samples from all patients were collected within 1 week before surgery. Preoperative clinical characteristics include age, serum IL‐6 and TNF‐α, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, C‐reactive protein, the platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio, systemic immune‐inflammation index, the prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI‐RADS) score, prostate‐specific antigen, and biopsy GS were assessed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyzes were used to determine the risk factors of GS changes after RP. The efficiency of this prediction model was identified with the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results Seventy‐three patients (30.8%) had GS upgraded in the overall cohort, and 55 patients (23.2%) had GS downgraded. In comparing PCa patients with and without GS upgraded, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum TNF‐α (odds ratio [OR]: 2.518, p = 0.019) and IL‐6 (OR: 0.478, p = 0.023) were independent factors predicting the occurrence of GS upgrade. We also compared the characteristics of patients with GS upgraded and GS downgraded; multivariate logistic regression analysis also demonstrated significant differences in serum IL‐6 and TNF‐α between these two groups (all p < 0.05). In addition, we found that low prostate volume and biopsy GS ≥ 7 were significantly associated with higher PI‐RADS sores in multivariate analysis. Conclusion The high expression of serum TNF‐α level is positively correlated with GS upgraded in PCa patients. High expression of serum IL‐6 level is negatively correlated with GS upgraded in PCa patients and positively related with GS downgraded.