Coincident glutamatergic depolarizations enhance GABA A receptor-dependent Cl - influx in mature and suppress Cl - efflux in immature neurons

Abstract The impact of GABAergic transmission on neuronal excitability depends on the Cl − -gradient across membranes. However, the Cl − -fluxes through GABA A receptors alter the intracellular Cl − concentration ([Cl − ] i ) and in turn attenuate GABAergic responses, a process termed ionic plasticity. Recently it has been shown that coincident glutamatergic inputs significantly affect ionic plasticity. Yet how the [Cl − ] i changes depend on the properties of glutamatergic inputs and their spatiotemporal relation to GABAergic stimuli is unknown. To investigate this issue, we used compartmental biophysical models of Cl − dynamics simulating either a simple ball-and-stick topology or a reconstructed immature CA3 neuron. These computational experiments demonstrated that glutamatergic co-stimulation enhances GABA receptor-mediated Cl − influx at low and attenuates or reverses the Cl − efflux at high initial [Cl − ] i . The size of glutamatergic influence on GABAergic Cl − -fluxes depends on the conductance, decay kinetics, and localization of glutamatergic inputs. Surprisingly, the glutamatergic shift in GABAergic Cl − -fluxes is invariant to latencies between GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs over a substantial interval. In agreement with experimental data, simulations in a reconstructed CA3 pyramidal neuron with physiological patterns of correlated activity revealed that coincident glutamatergic synaptic inputs contribute significantly to the activity-dependent [Cl − ] i changes. Whereas the influence of spatial correlation between distributed glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs was negligible, their temporal correlation played a significant role. In summary, our results demonstrate that glutamatergic co-stimulation had a substantial impact on ionic plasticity of GABAergic responses, enhancing the destabilization of GABAergic inhibition in the mature nervous systems, but suppressing GABAergic [Cl − ] i changes in the immature brain. Therefore, glutamatergic shift in GABAergic Cl − -fluxes should be considered as a relevant factor of short term plasticity. Author Summary Information processing in the brain requires that excitation and inhibition are balanced. The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA). GABA actions depend on the Cl − -gradient, but activation of ionotropic GABA receptors causes Cl − -fluxes and thus reduces GABAergic inhibition. Here, we investigated how a coincident membrane depolarization by excitatory, glutamatergic synapses influences GABA-induced Cl − -fluxes using a biophysical compartmental model of Cl − dynamics, simulating either simple or realistic neuron topologies. We demonstrate that glutamatergic co-stimulation directly affects GABA-induced Cl − -fluxes, with the size of glutamatergic effects depending on the conductance, the decay kinetics, and localization of glutamatergic inputs. We also show that the glutamatergic shift in GABAergic Cl − -fluxes is surprisingly stable over a substantial range of latencies between glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs. We conclude from these results that glutamatergic co-stimulation alters GABAergic Cl − -fluxes and in turn affects the strength of GABAergic inhibition. These coincidence-dependent ionic changes should be considered as a relevant factor of short term plasticity in the CNS.