Dual-Descriptor-Guided Screening of Stable Metal-Doped RuO 2 Catalysts for Acidic Oxygen Evolution

formation. This led to a volcano-type relationship between the SR and BLs, establishing two thresholds for dopant selection. Finally, eight dopants (Rh, Zn, Ga, Bi, Mn, Nb, Sn, and Os) were identified at the volcano peak, consistent with the experiments. Together, these thermodynamic structural descriptors offer a robust, universal framework for screening stable Ru-based electrocatalysts.