Manganese monoxide-based materials for advanced batteries

Manganese monoxide (MnO) with high theoretical capacity, low operation potential, natural abundance, and low environmental impact has recently been researched. However, MnO as a transition metal oxides (TMOs), Mn2+ ions with tetrahedral and octahedral coordination own six coordination number, with medium conductivity shows a poor rate capability and cycle life. Furthermore, MnO composites combined pure MnO with carbon and metal-based materials have demonstrated improved electrochemical performances for applications in electrochemical energy storage due to the short transport length of Li ions and the enhancement of the conductivity. This review focuses upon the applications of MnO and its composites in advanced batteries such as lithium-ion batteries, Li-S batteries and sodium-ion batteries. Finally, challenges and perspectives for the development of the advanced batteries are also given.