Tracking the Threat, 50 Years of Laboratory-Acquired Infections: A Systematic Review

Laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) pose significant risks to laboratory personnel, public health, and the environment, despite the implementation of biosafety measures. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of global LAIs reported from 1974 to 2024, identifying trends, causes, and pathogen distributions to address gaps in biosafety knowledge. A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and the American Biological Safety Association (ABSA). A total of 234 studies meeting strict inclusion criteria were analyzed. Bacterial pathogens accounted for 58.6% of reported incidents, followed by viruses at 36.1%. Procedural errors and accidents were the predominant causes of LAIs, with Brucella spp. being the most frequently reported pathogen, primarily in China. Temporal trends indicated a decline in incidents coinciding with the implementation of international biosafety regulations. However, disparities in incident reporting and compliance remain evident across countries. This study underscores the urgent need for a global regulatory framework, mandatory biosafety audits, a centralized incident database, and standardized training for high-containment laboratory personnel. Enhancing global collaboration, transparency in research, and adherence to ethical standards will further reduce LAI risks and strengthen public health security worldwide.