Chitosan-based films with nanocellulose and propolis as active packaging materials

The increasing interest in sustainable materials has led to a growing exploration of natural biopolymers as matrices for these materials. Chitosan, valued for its biocompatibility and biodegradability, is a valuable raw material for eco-friendly products. This study assessed the impact of incorporating cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and propolis extract (EEP) on the mechanical, physical, structural, gas barrier, and antimicrobial properties of chitosan-based films, especially within the scope of their prospective use in the packaging industry. The addition of cellulose nanofibrils and propolis extract to the chitosan matrix did not affect the tensile strength and elongation at break of the obtained films compared with the pure chitosan film. The addition of CNF and EEP to chitosan had effect on barrier properties (water vapor transmission rate, carbon dioxide transmission rate and oxygen transmission rate) of films. The inclusion of propolis extract to chitosan-nanocellulose film caused the antibacterial activity (against Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes) of the produced films and lack of activity against probiotic bacterial strains (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum). The findings provide valuable insights into the development of sustainable and antimicrobial materials intended for packaging food, addressing environmental concerns.