Large deformation, high energy density dielectric elastomer actuators: Principles, factors, optimization, applications, and prospects

Compared to traditional robots, soft robots have more intriguing performance. Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are the key components of soft robots. Analyzing various aspects of dielectric elastomer materials and their effects on the electro-mechanical performance of DEA is crucial for enhancing their overall performance. This paper presents a meticulous review of electro-responsive DEAs, with a particular emphasis on analyzing the influence of optimization strategies on the performance of DEAs: filler reinforcement, chemical modification, physical blending, structural design, and other reinforcement techniques. It comprehensively analyzes the application of bio-inspired DEA-based soft robots and provides an outlook on the potential future development directions of DEAs. Through the development of novel dielectric elastomer materials, research on structural optimization methods, establishment of reinforcement mechanisms, and the design of the next generation of soft robots, it is anticipated that DEAs will achieve heightened energy density, augmented electro-responsive deformation, and improved stability in the field of intelligent robotics. This work contributes constructive insights for the construction and widespread applications of DEAs in the future, and is significant for the enhancement of the performance of novel elastomeric materials.