Robotic Needle Steering for Percutaneous Interventions: Sensing, Modeling, and Control

Robotic needle steering plays a critical role in improving the precision and safety of percutaneous interventions across various clinical applications. However, manual needle steering remains challenged by operator‐dependent variability, physiological tremor, and limited adaptability to dynamic tissue deformation. To address these limitations, this review examines recent advances in robotic needle steering, structured around three core components: 1) sensing for closed‐loop needle steering, 2) modeling of soft tissue deformation and needle deflection, and 3) trajectory planning and closed‐loop control strategies. Furthermore, emerging trends are discussed in artificial intelligence‐driven autonomy and advanced biocompatible materials, highlighting their potential to enhance steering accuracy and real‐time adaptability in future robot‐assisted percutaneous procedures.