Mitochondrial Autophagy and Lipofuscin Accumulation in Aging Odontoblasts

Aging of long-lived post-mitotic cells is characterized as a progressive and irreversible reduction of functional activity. In such cells, mitochondria are organelles critical for bioenergetic supply, whose turnover is mediated by an autophagic-lysosomal pathway. In human teeth, odontoblasts are post-mitotic cells responsible for sensory function and dentin preservation. Here, human odontoblasts were processed for immunohistochemistry with antibodies against mitochondrial (MTCO2) and lysosomal (LAMP2) markers, and comparatively analyzed in two age groups (young-adult and adult) with light and electron microscopy. Selective engulfment of mitochondrial profiles into autophagic vacuoles is common in young-adult odontoblasts, suggesting a microautophagic pathway. With age, the odontoblast layer is reduced in width, and mitochondrial elements converge around large clusters of autofluorescent lipofuscin deposits. Age-related changes in odontoblasts are observed as a long-term process in which the progressive accumulation of intralysosomal debris limits the autophagic turnover of mitochondrial components, causing an eventual decline in physiological cell functions, which leads to increased vulnerability under stress conditions.