Unveiling the underlying physical mechanisms of inverted perovskite solar cells

and improves 5.1-fold under a valence band offset (VBO) of 0.4 eV. Dynamic ion migration modeling first elucidates the origin of low hysteresis: unique electric field distribution suppresses the anion migration rate by 55.6% and decreases the hysteresis factor by 47%. This work enhances understanding of inverted PSC operation, guiding high-performance device design.