Transparent Conductive Oxide Films and Their Applications in Silicon Heterojunction and Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Photovoltaics

Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films play a critical role in state-of-the-art photovoltaic technologies because of their excellent and widely tunable optoelectronic properties. In this review, we summarize commonly used TCO films and their applications in silicon heterojunction (SHJ) and perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. First, we briefly introduce TCO films and recent progress in composition control, manufacturing processes, multilayer design, and indium-saving technologies. Second, we summarize the applications of different TCO films as the front or back transparent electrodes and interconnection layers of SHJ and tandem solar cells. We discuss the effects of TCO films on the device efficiency and stability and highlight the recent progress of TCO modulations in improving the device performance. Finally, we provide claims about the potential modulations of TCO films for further advancements of SHJ and perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, including the optimizations on materials and fabrication techniques and the design of multilayer thin-film structures.