Poor venous outflow is associated with hyperintense acute reperfusion marker on follow-up MRI in patients with acute ischemic stroke with a large vessel occlusion

Background Hyperintense acute reperfusion marker (HARM) refers to delayed enhancement in the subarachnoid or subpial space on post-contrast fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. HARM is a measure of blood–brain barrier breakdown, which has been correlated with poor outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion (AIS-LVO). We hypothesized that unfavorable venous outflow (VO) would be correlated with HARM after thrombectomy treatment of AIS-LVO. Objective To determine whether poor VO is associated with HARM on follow-up MRI after stroke in patients with AIS-LVO. Methods Patients with AIS-LVO from the prospective CRISP2 and DEFUSE2 studies with a baseline CT angiography (CTA) scan and a follow-up MRI with FLAIR sequence were screened for enrollment. VO was measured on the baseline CTA scan using the cortical venous opacification score (COVES). HARM was determined on FLAIR sequences at the follow-up MRI. The primary outcome was the occurrence of HARM between those with good VO (VO+; COVES 3–6) and bad VO (VO−; COVES 0–2). Results 121 patients were included; 60.3% (n=73) had VO+ and 39.7% (n=48) had VO−. Patients with VO− had higher presentation National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores (18 (IQR 12–20) vs 12 (IQR 8–16) in VO+; P<0.001). Middle cerebral artery M1 segment occlusions were more common in VO− patients (65% vs 43% VO+; P=0.028). VO− patients also had a larger pre-treatment ischemic core (23 (4–44) mL vs 12 (3–22) mL in VO+; P=0.049) and Tmax >6 s volumes (105 (72–142) mL vs 66 (35–95) mL in VO+; P<0.001). VO− patients were more likely to develop HARM after thrombectomy (31% vs 10% in VO+; P=0.003). On multivariable regression analysis, VO− (OR=3.6 (95% CI 1.2 to 10.6); P=0.02) and the presence of any ICH (OR=3.6 (95% CI 1.2 to 10.5); P=0.02) were independently associated with the occurrence of HARM. Conclusions In patients with AIS-LVO, VO− correlated with HARM on post-thrombectomy MRI.