Anesthetic sevoflurane simultaneously regulates autophagic flux and pyroptotic cell death-associated cellular inflammation in the hypoxic/re-oxygenated cardiomyocytes: Identification of sevoflurane as putative drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

and post-conditioning of sevoflurane attenuate cardiomyocyte death and protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and this process is considered to be associated with cell autophagy and pyroptosis, but the detailed molecular mechanisms regarding to this issue have not been fully studied. In this study, we verified that sevoflurane exerted its protective effects in myocardial I/R injury by synergistically regulating the AMPK/ULK1 pathway-mediated autophagy and NLRP3-mediated pyroptotic cell death, and the interplays between cell autophagy and pyroptosis were also preliminarily investigated. Specifically, sevoflurane conditioning suppressed NLRP3 and cleaved caspase-1 expressions to inactivate cell pyroptosis, upregulated LC3B-II/I ratio, facilitated autophagosome formation and accelerated p62 degradation to trigger autophagy, and promoted the expressions of CDK2, CDK6 and Cyclin D1 to recover cell cycle in I/R mouse myocardial tissues in vivo and hypoxic/re-oxygenated (H/R) cardiomyocytes in vitro. Further experiments validated that sevoflurane promoted the phosphorylation of both AMPK (p-AMPK) and ULK1 (p-ULK1) to activate the AMPK/ULK1 pathway, and the promoting effects of sevoflurane on cell autophagy in H/R cardiomyocytes were abrogated by co-treating cells with AMPK inhibitor (compound C) and ULK1 inhibitor (SBI-0206965). Moreover, it was verified that compound C, SBI-0206965 and autophagy blocker chloroquine reversed H/R-induced cell death and pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Taken together, we concluded that sevoflurane activated the AMPK/ULK1 pathway to trigger autophagic flux and suppress NLRP3-mediated pyroptotic cell death in I/R or H/R-treated cardiomyocytes, which further ameliorated myocardial I/R injury.