Polysaccharide-coated mPEG–PLA nanoparticles enhance thymoquinone delivery and therapeutic efficacy against colorectal cancer

, FC-coated TQ-NPs induced significant tumour regression (75.26 ± 2.24%) and prolonged median survival (49 days) in C26 tumour-bearing mice versus free TQ (22 days). Biochemical analysis showed normal hepatic (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) and renal (blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine) profiles, and cardiac histology remained intact, confirming biosafety. Thus, FC-coated mPEG-PLA-TQ nanoparticles enhance efficacy and safety, offering a promising nanoplatform for targeted CRC therapy.