Bacterial Cellulose-Based Electromagnetic Shielding Materials: Nanostructure Design, Performance Control, and Multifunctional Integration

Bacterial cellulose (BC), a natural nanofibrous biomaterial, has attracted substantial research interest owing to its exceptional biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, low density, and highly tunable properties. This review systematically consolidates recent advances in BC-based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials, encompassing innovative design principles, synthetic methodologies, and electromagnetic performance metrics. BC-derived electromagnetic composites are categorized and critically evaluated according to filler attributes, fabrication techniques, and structural configurations. The practical merits of these materials are rigorously evaluated, offering insights into their functional superiority. Furthermore, current challenges and critical bottlenecks hindering broader implementation are identified. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on emerging research trajectories for cellulose-based EMI shielding materials, aimed at guiding future investigations in this rapidly evolving field.