Application of terahertz spectroscopy and imaging techniques in biomedicine

Terahertz (THz) technology, known for its non-invasive, label-free, and high-resolution imaging capabilities, has shown transformative potential in biomedical applications. The present review highlights its critical role in cancer detection, wound healing monitoring, drug delivery assessment, and tissue engineering, focusing on its sensitivity to molecular dynamics and hydration variations. Significant advancements include precise tumor margin identification, real-time tissue hydration evaluation during wound healing, and biomaterial characterization for regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, challenges such as limited penetration depth and system costs hinder its broader clinical adoption. Emerging solutions, including multimodal integration, portable systems, and AI-enhanced analytics, can address these limitations, paving the way for personalized medicine. Future advancements are expected to expand the role of THz technology in diagnostics and therapeutics, bridging research and clinical practice. THz imaging (THI) represents a promising frontier in healthcare, offering innovative tools for next-generation diagnostic and therapeutic solutions.