Synergistic spin effects in medium-entropy Ni–Fe–Mn–Ce oxyhydroxides for seawater oxidation

species, which contribute to stabilizing intermediate adsorption and promoting electron transfer. Further electronic structure analysis demonstrates a favorable d-band center near the Fermi level and pronounces spin polarization in the medium-entropy system, which synergistically enhance OER kinetics. This work highlights the potential of entropy engineering combined with theoretical guidance in the development of advanced multi-metallic electrocatalysts for efficient seawater splitting.