ARL3 Enhances ERα Stability via USP10 Deubiquitination to Promote Endocrine Resistance and Drive Mitochondrial Metabolic Reprogramming in HR+ Breast Cancer

The molecular mechanisms of estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast carcinogenesis and endocrine resistance remain unclear. This study identifies ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 3 (ARL3) as a key oncogenic regulator overexpressed in ERα-positive breast cancer cells and tissues. Mechanistically, ARL3 stabilizes ERα as a novel chaperone via direct binding, enhancing ESR1-driven transcription and cell proliferation. Genetic ablation of ARL3 induces ERα ubiquitination-dependent degradation, activating mTOR/AMPK pathways and causing mitophagy/mitochondrial dysfunction. ARL3 maintains ERα stability by upregulating USP10, which removes K48/K63-linked polyubiquitin chains from ERα at the K252 site. In preclinical models, the small-molecule inhibitor A-1331852 (targeting ARL3) potently suppresses ERα-positive tumor growth and synergizes with endocrine therapies. These findings establish ARL3 as a critical regulator of ERα homeostasis via USP10, highlighting its dual role as a biomarker and ARL3-targeted therapeutic for ERα-positive breast cancer.