Advancing sustainable medical waste management: The role of pyrolysis in resource recovery and environmental protection

Medical waste presents significant challenges for solid waste management, demanding solutions that are both economically viable and environmentally sustainable. Pyrolysis has emerged as a promising thermochemical method for converting this waste into valuable energy and chemical products. However, practical implementation is often hindered by inefficiencies and concerns related to environmental compliance. Medical waste, which is typically bulky and potentially contaminated, primarily comprises polymer-based materials. These materials pose critical environmental and public health risks if not properly treated. Pyrolysis offers an environmentally friendly alternative by breaking down medical plastics in a low-oxygen environment to yield valuable products such as liquid hydrocarbons, syngas, and char. Recent advancements in catalytic pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis have enhanced product selectivity and yield, improving the commercial viability of the process. This review explores the mechanisms of polymer degradation, the application of pyrolysis for recycling medical waste, and the technological innovations that improve its efficiency. Additionally, the review addresses the environmental and economic aspects of pyrolysis, including strategies for managing feedstock variability, reducing energy consumption, and controlling emissions. Overall, the findings highlight pyrolysis as a promising and sustainable approach for managing medical waste, while also stressing the importance of further research into process optimization and the development of supportive regulatory policies.