Coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical model for an enhanced geothermal system and numerical analysis of its heat mining performance

The operation of an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) involves a complex thermal–hydraulic–mechanical (THM) coupling process, which is important for exploiting the geothermal energy contained in hot dry rocks. In this study, the THM coupling mechanism in an EGS reservoir is explained, and a fully coupled THM mathematical model with local thermal nonequilibrium of a dual media is established, considering the dynamic changes in the properties of the rock matrix, fractures, and fluid during EGS operation. The model is verified through an example of the thermoelastic consolidation of a saturated soil. The heat transfer, fluid flow, and mechanical characteristics of a geothermal reservoir over 40 years are studied via a numerical simulation of a 2D geometric model. The effects of fracture occurrence, coupling conditions, and model parameters on the mining performance are analyzed. The results show that the dual-media model can reflect the anisotropy in the temperature, pressure, and stress due to the presence of fractures. An area with a more complex fracture network and smaller spacing is found to be more conducive for heat transfer. The inlet–outlet pressure differences, thermal expansion coefficient of the rock matrix, and initial fracture permeability have significant effects. When the inlet–outlet pressure difference is increased from 4 to 10 MPa, the heat extraction ratio increases from 56% to 89% at 40 years, and the initial output thermal power is increased from 9.2 to 24.9 MW. When the coefficient of thermal expansion is increased from 1 × 10−6 to 7 × 10−6 K−1, the heat extraction ratio is increased from 54% to 84%, and the initial output thermal power is increased from 8.5 to 19.7 MW. When the initial permeability is increased from 1 × 10−11 to 2.5 × 10−11 m2, the heat extraction ratio increases from 74% to 92%. These results provide a reference for optimizing the mining effect of the EGS.