Inhibition of GABA interneurons in the mPFC is sufficient and necessary for rapid antidepressant responses

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with alterations of GABAergic interneurons, notably somatostatin (Sst) as well as parvalbumin (Pvalb), in cortical brain areas. In addition, the antidepressant effects of rapid-acting drugs are thought to occur via inhibition of GABA interneurons. However, the impact of these interneuron subtypes in affective behaviors as well as in the effects of rapid-acting antidepressants remains to be determined. Here, we used a Cre-dependent DREADD-chemogenetic approach to determine if inhibition of GABA interneurons in the mPFC of male mice is sufficient to produce antidepressant actions, and conversely if activation of these interneurons blocks the rapid and sustained antidepressant effects of scopolamine, a nonselective acetylcholine muscarinic receptor antagonist. Chemogenetic inhibition of all GABA interneurons (Gad1+), as well as Sst+ and Pvalb+ subtypes in the mPFC produced dose and time-dependent antidepressant effects in the forced swim and novelty suppressed feeding tests, and increased synaptic plasticity. In contrast, stimulation of Gad1, Sst, or Pvalb interneurons in mPFC abolished the effects of scopolamine and prevented scopolamine induction of synaptic plasticity. The results demonstrate that transient inhibition of GABA interneurons promotes synaptic plasticity that underlies rapid antidepressant responses.