Nitrogen isotopic analysis of nitrate in aquatic environment using cadmium–hydroxylamine hydrochloride reduction

The nitrogen isotopic ratio of nitrate (δ15 N-NO3- value) is a critical parameter for understanding nitrogen biogeochemical cycling in aquatic systems. Current approaches to the determination of δ15 N-NO3- values involve time-intensive handling procedures, the use of toxic chemicals and complicated microbial incubation.A chemical reduction method for measuring the δ15 N-NO3- values of aquatic samples was established. Nitrate was first quantitatively reduced to nitrite in a column filled with copper-coated cadmium granules, and the produced nitrite further reduced to nitrous oxide gas with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The nitrogen isotope ratio of the produced nitrous oxide was measured using a continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer coupled with a purge and cryogenic trap system.The optimized experimental conditions were: solution acidity, H+ concentration of 0.46 M, pH = 0.34; dosage of hydroxylamine, molar ratio of NH2 OH to NO2- of 4; reaction temperature, 45°C; and reaction time, 14-16 h. No salt effect was found for this method. The reproducibility of the δ15 N-NO3- value for the laboratory standard was better than 0.3‰ for long-term measurements (20 nmol NO3- requirement).This method provides a reliable approach for the determination of δ15 N-NO3- values at natural abundance. It provides (1) high measurement accuracy, (2) ease of operation, (3) environmental-friendly procedure (less toxic regents used), and (4) suitability for both freshwater and saline water samples.