Microbial diversity in fracture and pore filling gas hydrate-bearing sediments at Site GMGS2-16 in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, the South China Sea

Abstract Gas hydrate systems are unique habitats for microorganisms in deep marine sediments, and gas hydrate reservoirs can be divided into focused high-flux and distributed low-flux gas hydrate systems. Little is known about the microbial distribution patterns in these systems, especially in the South China Sea (SCS). In this study, a macroscopic fracture filling gas hydrate zone (GHZ) and a microscopic pore filling GHZ, used as analogs to focused high-flux gas hydrate systems and distributed low-flux gas hydrate systems, were sampled and microbial diversity was investigated at Site GMGS2-16 in the northern SCS during the GMGS2 gas hydrate expedition based on high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Compared to previous studies of the gas hydrate-bearing sites, high microbial diversity was observed in the sulfate methane transition zone (SMTZ) at Site GMGS2-16, and ANME-1b, a clade of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME), may mainly perform anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in partnership with Desulfarculaceae and Desulfobacteraceae. For the GHZ (fracture-fill GHZ and pore-fill GHZ) and non-GHZ (SMTZ and Other, Other refers to the depth of 31.0-179.5mbsf), the bacterial richness indices (Shannon and inverse Simpson) revealed higher diversity in the GHZ than in the non-GHZ, while the archaeal richness indices showed a contrary pattern. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination revealed no significant differences in archaeal communities between the GHZ and non-GHZ, while differences between these zones were discovered in bacterial communities (P