Suppression of type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced aortic ultrastructural alterations in rats by insulin: an association of vascular injury biomarkers

-selectin and E-selectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, insulin augmented the blood level of the anti-oxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). We conclude that in a rat model of T2DM, insulin treatment substantially reduces aortic injury secondary to T2DM for a period of 8 weeks, possibly due to the inhibition of hyperglycemia, vascular activation, inflammation, and oxidative stress.