Integrated climate effects on nitrogen cycles in global grasslands

levels mitigate nitrogen surplus by enhancing plant nitrogen uptake. Under the SSP2-RCP4.5 scenario for the year 2050, nitrogen input, harvest, and surplus in global grasslands are projected to increase annually by 22.3, 7.2, and 15.1 million tonnes, respectively, compared to baseline scenarios. These climate-induced alterations in nitrogen budgets could incur additional costs up to USD $69 billion because of associated impacts on human health and ecosystem integrity. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for robust management strategies aimed at mitigating the negative effects of climate change on grassland nitrogen cycling, thereby supporting global sustainable development objectives.