Construction of a robust and high ion-conductivity SEI using a multifunctional additive to achieve high-rate and large-capacity lithium metal anodes

TFPA additive enables the formation of LiF/Li 3 PO 4 -rich SEI with high mechanical strength and fast Li⁺ transport on Li metal, which can keep stable Li plating at 5 mA cm −2 as well as superior electrochemical performances in high-voltage full batteries.